Interesting fact about antonymy is that most (probably all) languages have morphological processes which can create antonyms. As Lyons writes: In many languages, including English, the most commonly used opposites tend to be morphologically unrelated (good:bad, high:low, beautiful:ugly, big:small, old:young). But these are outnumbered in the vocabulary by such morphologically related pairs as married:unmarried, friendly:unfriendly, formal:informal, legitimate:illegitimate, etc. (Lyons 1977, 275)
In traditional termijology. antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning. It is useful, however, to identify several different types of relationship under a more general label of opposition. There are a number of relations which seem to involve words which are at the same time related in meaning yet incompatible or contrasting; we lists some of them below.
Simple antonym, this is a relation between words such that the positive of one implies the negative of the other. The pairs are also sometimes called complementary pairs of binary pairs. in effect, the words form a two term classification, examples ;
dead / alive (of e.g. animal) off / on
pass / fail (a test) forget / remember
hit / miss (a target) right / wrong
start / finish man / woman
So, Pairs of complementary antonyms represent the two opposite possibilities. (There is no continuum, or middle-ground, as in the examples above.) For example, one is either married, or single . In using these words literally, dead implies not alive, etc. which explains the semantics oddness of sentences like:
My pets python is dead but luckily it’s still alive.
Of course speakers can creatively change these two-term classification for special effects: we can speak of someone being half dead; or we know that in horror films the undead are not alive in the normal sense.
Gradable Antonym, this is a relationship between opposites where the positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, e.g. rich / poor, fast/ slow. young/ old. beautiful / ugly. this relation is typically associated with adjectives and two major identifying characteristics: firstly, there are usually intermediate terms so that between the gradable antonym hot and cold we can find:
hot (warm tepid cool) cold
This means of course that something may be neither hot not cold. Secondly, the terms are usually relative, so a thick pencil is likely to be thinner than a thin girl; and a late dinosaur fossil is earlier than an early Elvis record. A third characteristic is that in some pairs ine term is more basic and common, so for example of the pair pair long / short, it is more natural to ask of something How long is it? and How cold is it? are equally natural depending on context. Other examples of gradable antonyms are:
tall / short clever/ stupid interesting / boring
best / worst intelegent / stupid early / late
quick / slow violent / gentle misserable / happy
Reverses, the characteristics reverse relation is between terms describing movement, where one term describes movement in one direction, , and the other the same movement in the opposite direction, ; for example the terms push and pull on a swing door, which tell you in which direction to apply force. Other such pairs are come / go, go / return, ascend / descend. When describing motion the following can be called reverses: (go) up/ down, (go) in / out, (turn) right / left.
By extension, the term is also applied to any process which can be reversed: so other reverses are inflate / deflate, expand / contract, fill / empty or kuit / unravel.
Converses, these are terms which describe a relation between two entities from alternative viewpoints, as in the pairs:
own / belong to
above / below
employer / employee
Thus, if we are told Alan owns this book then we know automatically This book belongs to Alan. Or from Helen is David’s employee we know David is Helen’s employee, Again, these relations are part if a speaker’s semantic knowledge and explain why the two sentences below are paragraphrases, i.e. can be used to describe the same situation:
My office is above the library
The library us below my office
Taxonomic sisters The term antonymy is sometimes used to describe words which are at the same level in a taxonomy. Taxonomies are classification systems: we take as an example the colour adjectives in English, and give a selection below:
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Brown
Of course speakers can creatively change these two-term classification for special effects: we can speak of someone being half dead; or we know that in horror films the undead are not alive in the normal sense.
Gradable Antonym, this is a relationship between opposites where the positive of one term does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, e.g. rich / poor, fast/ slow. young/ old. beautiful / ugly. this relation is typically associated with adjectives and two major identifying characteristics: firstly, there are usually intermediate terms so that between the gradable antonym hot and cold we can find:
hot (warm tepid cool) cold
This means of course that something may be neither hot not cold. Secondly, the terms are usually relative, so a thick pencil is likely to be thinner than a thin girl; and a late dinosaur fossil is earlier than an early Elvis record. A third characteristic is that in some pairs ine term is more basic and common, so for example of the pair pair long / short, it is more natural to ask of something How long is it? and How cold is it? are equally natural depending on context. Other examples of gradable antonyms are:
tall / short clever/ stupid interesting / boring
best / worst intelegent / stupid early / late
quick / slow violent / gentle misserable / happy
Reverses, the characteristics reverse relation is between terms describing movement, where one term describes movement in one direction, , and the other the same movement in the opposite direction, ; for example the terms push and pull on a swing door, which tell you in which direction to apply force. Other such pairs are come / go, go / return, ascend / descend. When describing motion the following can be called reverses: (go) up/ down, (go) in / out, (turn) right / left.
By extension, the term is also applied to any process which can be reversed: so other reverses are inflate / deflate, expand / contract, fill / empty or kuit / unravel.
Converses, these are terms which describe a relation between two entities from alternative viewpoints, as in the pairs:
own / belong to
above / below
employer / employee
Thus, if we are told Alan owns this book then we know automatically This book belongs to Alan. Or from Helen is David’s employee we know David is Helen’s employee, Again, these relations are part if a speaker’s semantic knowledge and explain why the two sentences below are paragraphrases, i.e. can be used to describe the same situation:
My office is above the library
The library us below my office
Taxonomic sisters The term antonymy is sometimes used to describe words which are at the same level in a taxonomy. Taxonomies are classification systems: we take as an example the colour adjectives in English, and give a selection below:
Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Brown
We can say that words red and blue are sister- members of the same taxonomy and therefore incompatible with each other. Hence one can say:
His car isn’t red, it’s blue
Other taxonomies might include the days of weeks: Sunday, Monday. Tuesday, etc., or any of the taxonomies we use to describe the natural world, like types of dog: poodle, setter, bulldog,etc. Some taxonomies are closed, like days of the week: we can’t easily ass another day, without changing the whole system. Others are open, like the flavours of icecream sold on an icecream parlour: someone can always come up with a new flavour and extend the taxonomy.
His car isn’t red, it’s blue
Other taxonomies might include the days of weeks: Sunday, Monday. Tuesday, etc., or any of the taxonomies we use to describe the natural world, like types of dog: poodle, setter, bulldog,etc. Some taxonomies are closed, like days of the week: we can’t easily ass another day, without changing the whole system. Others are open, like the flavours of icecream sold on an icecream parlour: someone can always come up with a new flavour and extend the taxonomy.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Murphy Lynne. 2003. Semantic Relation And The Lexicon. Cambridge university press :U.K.
Victoria Lynn Muehleisen.1997. Antonymy And Semantic Range In English (a dissertation). Northwestern University.
Victoria Lynn Muehleisen.1997. Antonymy And Semantic Range In English (a dissertation). Northwestern University.
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